Desenvolvimento e avaliação de infográfico animado: medicação segura em saúde da criança / Development and assessment of animated infographic: safe medication for children's health

Resumo Objetivo Desenvolver e avaliar um infográfico animado como recurso didático para o ensino de medicação segura em saúde da criança. Métodos Trata-se de estudo metodológico composto pela criação de um infográfico animado sobre medicação segura em saúde da criança para estudantes do ensino superior de enfermagem. O desenvolvimento desta tecnologia digital educacional seguiu quatro etapas: planejamento, produção, implementação e avaliação. O critério para avaliação foi concordância superior a 90%, analisada por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo.Resultados: A versão final do infográfico animado possui 37 telas, as quais apresentam as metas do 3º Desafio da Organização Mundial de Saúde, os eventos adversos, fatores de risco do público-alvo e, por fim, as recomendações sobre boas práticas na administração segura de medicamentos em saúde da criança. O infográfico foi avaliado por 13 especialistas e obteve-se concordância entre todos os itens superior a 90%. Conclusão O infográfico animado foi considerado um recurso educacional válido, que poderá favorecer o processo de ensino aprendizagem de estudantes de enfermagem no que tange à conduta de boas práticas na administração de medicação na área da saúde da criança.

Resumen Objetivo Desarrollar y evaluar un infográfico animado como recurso didáctico para la enseñanza de medicación segura para la salud de los niños. Métodos Se trata de estudio metodológico compuesto por la creación de un infográfico animado sobre medicación segura para la salud del niño para estudiantes de la enseñanza superior en enfermería. El desarrollo de esta tecnología digital educativa siguió cuatro etapas: planificación, producción, implementación y evaluación. El criterio para la evaluación fue la coincidencia superior al 90 %, analizada por medio del Índice de Validez de Contenido.Resultados: La versión final del infográfico animado cuenta con 37 pantallas que presentan las metas del 3er Desafío de la Organización Mundial de Salud, los eventos adversos, factores de riesgo del público destinatario y, por fin, las recomendaciones sobre buenas prácticas en la administración segura de medicamentos para la salud para los niños. El infográfico fue evaluado por 13 especialistas y se obtuvo la coincidencia entre todos los ítems superior al 90 %. Conclusión El infográfico animado fue considerado como un recurso educativo válido, que podrá favorecer el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de estudiantes de enfermería en lo que se refiere a la conducta de buenas prácticas en la administración de medicación en el área de la salud de los niños.

Abstract Objective To develop and assess an animated infographic as a teaching resource for teaching safe medication in children's health. Methods This is a methodological study consisting of the creation of an animated infographic about safe medication in children's health for students in higher education in nursing. The development of this digital educational technology followed four stages: planning, production, implementation and assessment. The criterion for assessment was greater than 90% agreement, analyzed using the Content Validity Index. Results The final version has 37 screens, which present the goals of the 3rdChallenge of the World Health Organization, adverse events, risk factors for the target audience and, finally, recommendations on good practices in safe medication administration in children's health. The infographic was assessed by 13 experts and there was an agreement between all items greater than 90%. Conclusion The animated infographic was considered a valid educational resource, which could favor the teaching-learning process of nursing students regarding the conduct of good practices in medication administration in children's health.

The application value of computer graphic imaging techniques in surgical scheme selection for upper urinary calculi / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To discuss the application value of computer graphic imaging techniques combined with CT urography in surgical scheme selection for upper urinary calculi.Methods 97 cases with complex upper urinary calculi underwent CT urography examination.The images were transferred by network to a separate workstation to perform volume rendering (VR),maximum intensity projection (MIP),multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and curved planar reconstruction (CPR).All the post processing images were analyzed for selecting the appropriate surgical scheme.Results The 97 cases were treated properly according to their CT urography examination images,and all patients recovered without complications.Conclusion Urinary calculi and slight changes in the anatomical structure of upper urinary tract can be clearly demonstrated by computer graphics imaging techniques combined with CT urography,which may provide more information for disease diagnosis and selection of surgical scheme.

2016 Year-in-Review of Clinical and Consumer Informatics: Analysis and Visualization of Keywords and Topics / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to review and visualize the medical informatics field over the previous 12 months according to the frequencies of keywords and topics in papers published in the top four journals in the field and in Healthcare Informatics Research (HIR), an official journal of the Korean Society of Medical Informatics. METHODS: A six-person team conducted an extensive review of the literature on clinical and consumer informatics. The literature was searched using keywords employed in the American Medical Informatics Association year-in-review process and organized into 14 topics used in that process. Data were analyzed using word clouds, social network analysis, and association rules. RESULTS: The literature search yielded 370 references and 1,123 unique keywords. ‘Electronic Health Record’ (EHR) (78.6%) was the most frequently appearing keyword in the articles published in the five studied journals, followed by ‘telemedicine’ (2.1%). EHR (37.6%) was also the most frequently studied topic area, followed by clinical informatics (12.0%). However, ‘telemedicine’ (17.0%) was the most frequently appearing keyword in articles published in HIR, followed by ‘telecommunications’ (4.5%). Telemedicine (47.1%) was the most frequently studied topic area, followed by EHR (14.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The study findings reflect the Korean government's efforts to introduce telemedicine into the Korean healthcare system and reactions to this from the stakeholders associated with telemedicine.

The application value of computer graphics imaging technology in diagnosis of postoperative complications of kidney stones / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical application value of computer graphics imaging technology in combination with CT urography in the diagnosis of postoperative complications of kidney stone.Methods 1 7 patients with postoperative complications of kidney stones underwent 64-detector CT urography examination.The images were transferred by network to a separate workstation to perform volume rendering (VR),maximum intensity projection (MIP),multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)and curved planar re-construction (CPR).All the postprocessing images were retrospectively analyzed.Results Postoperative complications were found in 1 7 patients including 13 with urinary residual stones,1 with severe hydronephrosis and twisted ureter,1 with residual stone in du-plex kidneys,1 with renal parenchyma rupture,1 with ureter rupture,1 with urine leakage of postcaval ureter,1 with renal hemor-rhage,1 with pleural effusion,and 1 with residual stone of multiple renal cysts.Conclusion Postoperative complications of kidney stones can be clearly demonstrated by computer graphics imaging technology in combination with CT urography,which may provide more information for treatment.

Desenvolvimento de um protótipo de software para quantificar a gordura epicárdica em imagens de tomografia computadorizada / Development of a software prototype to quantify the epicardial fat in computer tomography images

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: A obesidade é um dos maiores e principais fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. A gordura epicárdica é encontrada em torno das artérias coronárias e do miocárdio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um protótipo de software capaz de quantificar a gordura em imagens de tomografia computadorizada. Foram encontrados estudos sobre o assunto, porém todos necessitam da interação do usuário. Os resultados foram avaliados positivamente por um cardiologista, que, hoje, delimita manualmente essa membrana. A gordura localizada em torno do coração contribui diretamente para a obstrução das artérias. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, no qual os pacientes receberam aproximadamente 20mg de metoprolol endovenoso, para controle da frequência cardíaca (faixa de 70bpm), e 5mg de dinitrato de isossorbida sublingual, para dilatação e melhor visualização das artérias coronárias. As mesmas imagens foram submetidas a três operadores, sendo um deles cardiologista, para que detectassem, de forma manual, a gordura nas imagens. O comparativo entre o sistema manual e automático foi realizado usando o RUMA, para identificar a validade do experimento automático. RESULTADO: O protótipo obteve um percentual médio de 91% de acerto das imagens analisadas. Esse percentual correspondeu à área de gordura encontrada de maneira automática em comparação àquela encontrada por intermédio do processo manual. CONCLUSÃO: As reais possibilidades de automatização de processos maçantes na área médica reforçam os resultados positivos obtidos por este trabalho. O sistema deve garantir ao cardiologista ou operador um tempo mais longo, a ser utilizado em trabalhos que exijam análise e delineamento do problema...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Obesity is one of the highest and major risk factors among those for cardiovascular diseases. The epicardial fat remains around the coronary arteries and myocardium. The objective of this work was to develope a prototype to quantify the epicardial fat in tomography images. We have found studies that address the topic, but in all of them the user interaction is necessary. The results were evaluated by a cardiologist with extensive experience. The fat localized around the heart directly contributes to bad prognosis. The aim of this study was to develop a prototype for the automatic detection of epicardial fat in computed tomography images. METHODS: Retrospective study, in which patients received around 20mg of intravenous metoprolol, for heart rate control (70bpm), and 5mg sublingual isosorbide dinitrate, to dilation and better visualization of the coronary arteries. These images were processed by one cardiologist and by two lay operators, to detect the fat manually. The RUMA method was used to validate the automatic process. RESULTS: The prototype achieved an average percentage of 91% correct images analyzed. This percentage corresponded to the area of fat found in an automatic way compared to that found by manual process. CONCLUSION: The real possibilities of automation of tiresome processes in the medical reinforce the positive results obtained in this work. This system must ensure a greater portion of time, that can be used in analysis that require a more critical thinking...

Aproximação fisionômica pericial através de função de base radial hermitiana / Forensic facial approximation through hermitian radial basis functions

A aproximação fisionômica é o método que busca, a partir do crânio, simular a fotografia de um indivíduo quando em vida. Deve ser empregada como último recurso, na busca de desaparecidos, quando não houver possibilidade de aplicação de um método válido de identificação. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a aproximação fisionômica, a partir de um crânio seco e de tomografia computadorizada multislice de indivíduos vivos, através da função de base radial hermitiana (FBRH). Constituiu-se também em avaliar o resultado da mesma quanto ao reconhecimento. Na primeira etapa do estudo, foi utilizada a imagem escaneada de um crânio seco, de origem desconhecida, com o intuito de avaliar se a quantidade de pontos obtidos seria suficiente para aplicação da FBRH e consequente reconstrução da superfície facial. Na segunda fase, foram utilizadas três tomografias de indivíduos vivos, para análise da semelhança alcançada entre a face escaneada e as aproximações faciais. Nesta etapa, foi aplicada uma associação de diferentes metodologias já publicadas, para reconstrução de uma mesma região da face, a partir de um mesmo crânio. Na última etapa, foram simuladas situações de reconhecimento com familiares e amigos dos indivíduos doadores das tomografias. Observou-se que a metodologia de FBRH pode ser empregada em aproximação fisionômica. Houve reconhecimento positivo nos três sujeitos estudados, sendo que, em dois deles, os resultados foram ainda mais significativos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a metodologia é rápida, objetiva e proporciona o reconhecimento. Esta permite a criação de múltiplas versões de aproximações fisionômicas a partir do mesmo crânio, o que amplia as possibilidades de reconhecimento. Observou-se ainda que a técnica não exige habilidade artística do profissional.

Facial approximation works by building the visual face up from the skull. This method should be performed as last resort, to carry out for missing persons, when there is no other primary identification method avaliable. The purpose of this study was to introduce a new computerized method with hermite radial basis function (HRBF) for facial approximation using dry skull and computed tomography (CT). The same was also evaluated as a result of the recognition. Firstly, a scan of a dry unidentified skull image was used in order to assess if the amount of points would be sufficient for HRBF methodology and subsequent reconstruction of the facial surface. In second, three CT scans of living individuals were used to evaluate the similarity achieved between the real face scanned and facial approximations. An association of different facial structures reconstruction techniques already published for the same region of the face was applied for the same skull. Moreover, some situations from developed facial approximations were simulated, as recognition by a relative or parent, on a face pool-test. Results from the study showed that the purposed methodology can be used for facial approximation. At the three cases a correct approximation identification as one of a few possible matches to the missing person happened. In two of them, the results were consistently better at identifying the correct approximation. In conclusion, the proposed methodology is fast, objective and reaches visual identification. It is possible to perform multiple versions of the same skull, changing the selected data into the system, which maximizes the chances of establishing recognition of the target face. It was also observed that the technique does not need artistic interpretation.

Aproximação fisionômica pericial através de função de base radial hermitiana / Forensic facial approximation through hermitian radial basis functions

A aproximação fisionômica é o método que busca, a partir do crânio, simular a fotografia de um indivíduo quando em vida. Deve ser empregada como último recurso, na busca de desaparecidos, quando não houver possibilidade de aplicação de um método válido de identificação. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a aproximação fisionômica, a partir de um crânio seco e de tomografia computadorizada multislice de indivíduos vivos, através da função de base radial hermitiana (FBRH). Constituiu-se também em avaliar o resultado da mesma quanto ao reconhecimento. Na primeira etapa do estudo, foi utilizada a imagem escaneada de um crânio seco, de origem desconhecida, com o intuito de avaliar se a quantidade de pontos obtidos seria suficiente para aplicação da FBRH e consequente reconstrução da superfície facial. Na segunda fase, foram utilizadas três tomografias de indivíduos vivos, para análise da semelhança alcançada entre a face escaneada e as aproximações faciais. Nesta etapa, foi aplicada uma associação de diferentes metodologias já publicadas, para reconstrução de uma mesma região da face, a partir de um mesmo crânio. Na última etapa, foram simuladas situações de reconhecimento com familiares e amigos dos indivíduos doadores das tomografias. Observou-se que a metodologia de FBRH pode ser empregada em aproximação fisionômica. Houve reconhecimento positivo nos três sujeitos estudados, sendo que, em dois deles, os resultados foram ainda mais significativos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a metodologia é rápida, objetiva e proporciona o reconhecimento. Esta permite a criação de múltiplas versões de aproximações fisionômicas a partir do mesmo crânio, o que amplia as possibilidades de reconhecimento. Observou-se ainda que a técnica não exige habilidade artística do profissional...

Facial approximation works by building the visual face up from the skull. This method should be performed as last resort, to carry out for missing persons, when there is no other primary identification method avaliable. The purpose of this study was to introduce a new computerized method with hermite radial basis function (HRBF) for facial approximation using dry skull and computed tomography (CT). The same was also evaluated as a result of the recognition. Firstly, a scan of a dry unidentified skull image was used in order to assess if the amount of points would be sufficient for HRBF methodology and subsequent reconstruction of the facial surface. In second, three CT scans of living individuals were used to evaluate the similarity achieved between the real face scanned and facial approximations. An association of different facial structures reconstruction techniques already published for the same region of the face was applied for the same skull. Moreover, some situations from developed facial approximations were simulated, as recognition by a relative or parent, on a face pool-test. Results from the study showed that the purposed methodology can be used for facial approximation. At the three cases a correct approximation identification as one of a few possible matches to the missing person happened. In two of them, the results were consistently better at identifying the correct approximation. In conclusion, the proposed methodology is fast, objective and reaches visual identification. It is possible to perform multiple versions of the same skull, changing the selected data into the system, which maximizes the chances of establishing recognition of the target face. It was also observed that the technique does not need artistic interpretation...

The Development of a Graphical User Interface Engine for the Convenient Use of the HL7 Version 2.x Interface Engine / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: The Health Level Seven Interface Engine (HL7 IE), developed by Kyungpook National University, has been employed in health information systems, however users without a background in programming have reported difficulties in using it. Therefore, we developed a graphical user interface (GUI) engine to make the use of the HL7 IE more convenient. METHODS: The GUI engine was directly connected with the HL7 IE to handle the HL7 version 2.x messages. Furthermore, the information exchange rules (called the mapping data), represented by a conceptual graph in the GUI engine, were transformed into program objects that were made available to the HL7 IE; the mapping data were stored as binary files for reuse. The usefulness of the GUI engine was examined through information exchange tests between an HL7 version 2.x message and a health information database system. RESULTS: Users could easily create HL7 version 2.x messages by creating a conceptual graph through the GUI engine without requiring assistance from programmers. In addition, time could be saved when creating new information exchange rules by reusing the stored mapping data. CONCLUSIONS: The GUI engine was not able to incorporate information types (e.g., extensible markup language, XML) other than the HL7 version 2.x messages and the database, because it was designed exclusively for the HL7 IE protocol. However, in future work, by including additional parsers to manage XML-based information such as Continuity of Care Documents (CCD) and Continuity of Care Records (CCR), we plan to ensure that the GUI engine will be more widely accessible for the health field.

The Use of Graphic Monitoring during Mechanical Ventilation

Graphic monitoring assists the clinician at the bedside in several ways. It can be helpful in fine-tuning or adjusting ventilator parameters. Graphic monitoring may help to determine the patient's response to pharmacologic agents. The clinician also has the ability to trend monitored events over a prolonged period of time. The neonatal patient's self respiration, synchrony to ventilator and respiratory efforts can be well recognized with graphic monitoring. Of all, it may enable detection of complications before they become clinically apparent. This article introduces the basics of real-time graphics.

Análise espacial e temporal da incidência da malária em três comunidades no Pará, no período de 2001 a 2006. / Spatial and temporal analysis of malaria incidence in three communities in Pará, Brazil, between 2001 and 2006.

Considerando a necessidade de gerar análises da relação entre os dados ambientais e epidemiológicos que caracterizaram a incidência da malária nos municípios de Bragança, nas comunidades do Acarajó e Fazendinha e Augusto Corrêa, na comunidade do Treme, todas no estado do Pará, no período de 2001 a 2006, foi desenvolvido um modelo que integrou diversas geotecnologias emergentes. Para tal, foi utilizada a geoindexação de informações temáticas geradas em trabalhos de campo e laboratoriais, além de tecnologias de geoprocessamento, estatística e banco de dados epidemiológicos. Os resultados das análises foram expressos em bases cartográficas digitais. Para a realização da predição de risco de transmissão foi desenvolvido um módulo Fuzzy, com as características ambientais e socioeconômicas das áreas de estudo, em função das quais foi identificado um alto risco de transmissão pela doença, devido a práticas de desflorestamento e ocupação humana, nestes locais. Levando em consideração os resultados obtidos com a implementação do modelo, o mesmo foi considerado de grande potencial para análises ecoepidemiológicas de malária, em face dos objetivos preconizados.

Considering the need to analyze the relation between environmental and epidemiological data to characterize malaria incidence in Acarajó and Fazendinha communities, located in Bragança district, and also in Treme community, in Augusto Correa district, in the state of Pará, Brazil, between 2001 and 2006, an analysis model that integrated several emerging geotechnologies was developed. The proposed analysis used thematic information generated on laboratory and works, and also geoprocessing, epidemiological databases and statistical technologies. The results of the analysis were expressed on digital maps. In order to predict the transmissionrisk it was developed a fuzzy model with social, economic and environmental characteristics o f the study areas, that enabled the identification of high risk of disease transmission, due to deforestation and human occupation, in those areas. Considering the results obtained, the model was considered with great potential for eco-epidemiological analysis of malaria.

Structure of the Ventilation Tube / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ventilation tube is a percutaneous prosthesis which is exposed to external stimuli. The duration of retention and complication rate of ventilation tube partly depends on which type of tube is used. The purpose of this study is to classify ventilation tubes according to biofunctional characteristics and to design new ventilation tubes experimentally using computer graphics. MATERIALS AND METHOD:Two hundred and forty seven ventilation tubes were classified according to shape, size and material. Experimental design of a ventilation tube was performed with various graphic modellings. RESULTS: Grommet style was most common and most of flanges showed round type. Polymer has been a material of choice in making ventilation tubes. Length of the shaft ranged 1.5mm-15mm. Four kinds of models were created for designing a ventilation tube using computer graphics. CONCLUSION: Biofunctionality should be taken into account in designing ventilation tubes.

Basic concepts of computer simulation of plant growth.

The experimental study of plant growth and architecture requires two consecutive and complementary approaches. The first one is qualitative and botanical. Through this qualitative analysis, it is possible to divide a tree into botanically homogeneous subunits. The second one is quantitative. Modeling of the functioning of meristems based on stochastic processes has been carried out in the Laboratoire de Modelisation of CIRAD (1980 1990) in combination with extensive experimental work on temperate and tropical plants. Calculations involved in the tree simulations from field data are based on the probabilistic Monte Carlo method for the topological part and on analytical geometry for the morphological part. Data, such as length, angles, elasticities, tropism, are necessary for geometric construction of the plant. The growth model, together with the geometric calculations enables a random plant simulation in 3-D according to geometry for the morphological one. Computer graphics methods are then used to visualize the computed plant (perspective, colours, texture, shadows); they require special programs and graphic computers.

THREE DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THIGH MUSCLE GROUPS BY COMPUTER GRAPHICS / 体力科学

The purpose of this study is to develop the non-invesive method for three dimensional analysis of knee extensor and knee flexor muscle groups of the thigh part in human subjects. Our system consisted of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to get cross-sectional images of muscle and a computer graphics system which reconstructs three dimensional image of each muscle. The subjects chosen for this study were four healthy male adults, aged from 21 to 30 years. MRI scan was carried out from head of the femur to the upper border of the patella along thigh. Three dimensional (3D) muscular image was reconstructed based on the data from MRI. Referring to the anatomic feature, contour information of knee extensor muscles (KEM) and knee flexor muscles (KFM) was identified on MRI and those muscles were reconstructed to 3 D images using the computer graphics system. This system also provided information on the quantitative volume and cross-sectional area (CSA) of each muscle.<BR>The structure of each muscle of KEM and KFM was displayed by a wireframe model or a surface model on the CRT. It was revealed that 3D muscular images of the surface model using coloring and shadowing were highly effective to understand their shapes and relative location of muscles. CSA and volume of KEM were 86.84±8.38cm<SUP>2</SUP>and 2044.25±168.28cm<SUP>3</SUP> and those of KFM were 38.48±5.90cm<SUP>2</SUP> and 751.95±50.56cm<SUP>3</SUP> respectively.<BR>These results indicate that not only the anatomical information but also the volume and maximum CSAs of KEM and KFM can be measured quantitatively by this method using three dimensional analysis.

Interactive Water Quality Simulation of the Han River Using Computer Graphics

The water quality simulatin of the Han River was performed by computer-aided design methods using interactive computer graphic routine. The model used to simulate water quality in the Han River was based upon the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's QUAL-II program. The constituents which were simulated include temperature, conservative substances, coliform bacteria, BOD and DO. Discretization of the model over space was done using the Galerkin finite element method. Data input requirements for the model included rate constants, meteorological data, and headwater, point and non-point source concentrations. The point and non-point source waste loadings were assumed to be constant over time. Several options for dealing with simulation results were available. These included listings or graphs showing the concentration values by constituent, either for all sites at one point in time, or for one site at all times. By merging spatial and temporal data, a three-dimensional surface of concentration as a function of site location and time of day could be plotted for any constituent. A pictoral display of water quality throuthout the Han River, using various colors to indicate different concentrations of constituents or degrees of temperature, also is possible. Water quality profiles of the Han River were developed using 1981 waste loadings. These results were compared to observed data in order to determine the best values for model parameters. Calibration of the model was aided by the interactive use of statistical tests, including linear regression analysis and t-tests of two means. Using estimates of population and industrial growth for the Han River Basin, simulations for expected 1986 and 1991 conditions were undertaken. Results indicate that without increased investments in wastewater treatment facilities and associated collection systems, most of the river will contain BOD concentratins which greatly exceed the maximum 6 ppm allowed. In addition, the numbber of coliform bacteria will be substantially more than the maximum permitted number, 10,000 MPN/100 ml, for water supply sources requiring highest levels of treatment. These results also suggest where monitoring statins should be established, and where proper management practices will have the greatest impact on controlling the extent of river pollution resulting from the discharge of waste effuent from urban communities, industries, and agricultural land along the Han River.